印度尼西亚的国家风险报告1（评估来自第三方机构）
发布时间：2024年1月3日 14:40
240
Official Name: Republic of Indonesia
Internet Domain: .id
International Dialing Code: + 62
Time Zone: UTC +7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC standard time)
LOCATION AND SIZE
Indonesia is spread across a chain of thousands of islands between Asia and Australia. Its area is 2 million sq. km. (736,000 sq. mi.), about three times the size of Texas (USA).
GOVERNMENT
Indonesia is an independent republic consisting of 31 provinces, 1 autonomous province, 1 special region and 1 national capital district. The capital is Jakarta.
In 1945, Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands and Japan, which had occupied the country from 1942. Indonesia’s constitution embodies five principles called Pancasila: monotheism, humanitarianism, national unity, representative democracy by consensus, and social justice. The constitution provides for separation of executive, legislative and judicial power.
Branches:
Executive Branch: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Joko WIDODO (Since October 20, 2014); Vice President: Jusef KALLA; cabinet; Elections: president and vice president elected for five-year terms by direct vote of the citizenry
Legislative Branch: People's Consultative Assembly consisting of members of the DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) and DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah); 560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms
Judicial Branch: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges); subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
LEGAL SYSTEM
Based on the Roman-Dutch model, Indonesia's legal system is a civil law system and influenced by customary law. Indonesia has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction.
PEOPLE
Indonesia is the world's fifth-most populous nation. The people range from rural hunter-gatherers to modern urban elite.
Population: 262,787,403
Population growth rate: 0.83%
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)
Literacy: 95.4%
Ethnic Make-up: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%,
Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15%.
Religions: Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
[Table of Contents]
ECONOMY
The government plays a significant role in Indonesia's market-based economy. There are more than 130 state-owned enterprises and the government administers prices on several basic goods including fuel, rice, and electricity. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia is the only Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member in the G20.
The country has been undergoing significant economic reforms under current President Joko Widodo. Indonesia has a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25% and historically low inflation rates. However, according to the CIA World Factbook, "Indonesia continues to struggle with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions".
Leading Markets (2019): China 13.6%, US 10.6%, Japan 10.5%, India 8.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Malaysia 5.1%, South Korea 4.8%
Leading Exports - Commodities: Mineral fuels, animal or vegetable fats (includes palm oil), electrical machinery, rubber, machinery and mechanical appliance parts
Leading Suppliers (2019): China 23.2%, Singapore 10.9%, Japan 10%, Thailand 6%, Malaysia 5.6%, South Korea 5.3%, US 5.2%
Leading Imports - Commodities: Mineral fuels, boilers, machinery, and mechanical parts, electric machinery, iron and steel, foodstuffs
Top Industries: Petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry and tourism
Leading Agricultural Products: Rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices
[Table of Contents]
COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC INDICATORS - 2019
Indonesia Cambodia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam
Population (millions)* 262.78 16.44 31.80 105.89 68.61 9.04
Population growth rate (%)* 0.83 1.48 1.34 1.55 0.29 0.9
Age Structure (%)*
(15 to 64 years old)
68.11 64.87 66.17 62.32 72.30 70.38
Age Structure (%)*
(65+ years old)
7.26 4.37 6.35 4.61 10.97 6.35
Literacy (%) 95.4 77.2 94.6 96.3 92.9 94.5
Unemployment rate (%) 5.4 0.3 3.4 5.7 0.7 2.2
Inflation (%) 3.8 2.9 3.8 2.9 0.7 3.5
Population below poverty line (%) 10.9 16.5 3.8 21.6 7.2 8.0
GDP** (USD billions) 3,250.0 64.21 933.3 877.2 1,236.0 648.7
GDP real growth rate (%) 5.1 6.9 5.9 6.7 3.9 6.8
GDP per capita** (USD) 12,400 4,000 29,100 8,400 17,900 4,900
Public debt (% of GDP) 28.8 30.4 51.4 39.9 7.2 58.8
Industrial production growth rate (%) 4.1 10.6 5.0 7.2 1.6 8.0
Exports (USD billions) 168.9 11.42 187.9 48.2 235.1 214.6
Imports (USD billions) 150.1 14.39 160.7 89.39 203.2 202.6
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold (USD billions) 130.2 12.2 102.4 81.57 202.6 49.5
Currency Rupiah
IDR Riel
KHR Ringgit
MYR Peso
PHP Baht
THB Dong
VND
Exchange rates (per USD) 11/26/19 14,098.60 4,051.00 4.17 50.84 30.20 23,208.50
Exchange rates (per EUR) 11/26/19 15,544.30 4,466.43 4.60 56.05 33.30 25,588.53
* 2018 estimate
Economic Data from CIA World Factbook
Internet Domain: .id
International Dialing Code: + 62
Time Zone: UTC +7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC standard time)
LOCATION AND SIZE
Indonesia is spread across a chain of thousands of islands between Asia and Australia. Its area is 2 million sq. km. (736,000 sq. mi.), about three times the size of Texas (USA).
GOVERNMENT
Indonesia is an independent republic consisting of 31 provinces, 1 autonomous province, 1 special region and 1 national capital district. The capital is Jakarta.
In 1945, Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands and Japan, which had occupied the country from 1942. Indonesia’s constitution embodies five principles called Pancasila: monotheism, humanitarianism, national unity, representative democracy by consensus, and social justice. The constitution provides for separation of executive, legislative and judicial power.
Branches:
Executive Branch: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Joko WIDODO (Since October 20, 2014); Vice President: Jusef KALLA; cabinet; Elections: president and vice president elected for five-year terms by direct vote of the citizenry
Legislative Branch: People's Consultative Assembly consisting of members of the DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) and DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah); 560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms
Judicial Branch: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges); subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
LEGAL SYSTEM
Based on the Roman-Dutch model, Indonesia's legal system is a civil law system and influenced by customary law. Indonesia has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction.
PEOPLE
Indonesia is the world's fifth-most populous nation. The people range from rural hunter-gatherers to modern urban elite.
Population: 262,787,403
Population growth rate: 0.83%
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)
Literacy: 95.4%
Ethnic Make-up: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%,
Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15%.
Religions: Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
[Table of Contents]
ECONOMY
The government plays a significant role in Indonesia's market-based economy. There are more than 130 state-owned enterprises and the government administers prices on several basic goods including fuel, rice, and electricity. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia is the only Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member in the G20.
The country has been undergoing significant economic reforms under current President Joko Widodo. Indonesia has a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25% and historically low inflation rates. However, according to the CIA World Factbook, "Indonesia continues to struggle with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions".
Leading Markets (2019): China 13.6%, US 10.6%, Japan 10.5%, India 8.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Malaysia 5.1%, South Korea 4.8%
Leading Exports - Commodities: Mineral fuels, animal or vegetable fats (includes palm oil), electrical machinery, rubber, machinery and mechanical appliance parts
Leading Suppliers (2019): China 23.2%, Singapore 10.9%, Japan 10%, Thailand 6%, Malaysia 5.6%, South Korea 5.3%, US 5.2%
Leading Imports - Commodities: Mineral fuels, boilers, machinery, and mechanical parts, electric machinery, iron and steel, foodstuffs
Top Industries: Petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry and tourism
Leading Agricultural Products: Rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices
[Table of Contents]
COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC INDICATORS - 2019
Indonesia Cambodia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam
Population (millions)* 262.78 16.44 31.80 105.89 68.61 9.04
Population growth rate (%)* 0.83 1.48 1.34 1.55 0.29 0.9
Age Structure (%)*
(15 to 64 years old)
68.11 64.87 66.17 62.32 72.30 70.38
Age Structure (%)*
(65+ years old)
7.26 4.37 6.35 4.61 10.97 6.35
Literacy (%) 95.4 77.2 94.6 96.3 92.9 94.5
Unemployment rate (%) 5.4 0.3 3.4 5.7 0.7 2.2
Inflation (%) 3.8 2.9 3.8 2.9 0.7 3.5
Population below poverty line (%) 10.9 16.5 3.8 21.6 7.2 8.0
GDP** (USD billions) 3,250.0 64.21 933.3 877.2 1,236.0 648.7
GDP real growth rate (%) 5.1 6.9 5.9 6.7 3.9 6.8
GDP per capita** (USD) 12,400 4,000 29,100 8,400 17,900 4,900
Public debt (% of GDP) 28.8 30.4 51.4 39.9 7.2 58.8
Industrial production growth rate (%) 4.1 10.6 5.0 7.2 1.6 8.0
Exports (USD billions) 168.9 11.42 187.9 48.2 235.1 214.6
Imports (USD billions) 150.1 14.39 160.7 89.39 203.2 202.6
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold (USD billions) 130.2 12.2 102.4 81.57 202.6 49.5
Currency Rupiah
IDR Riel
KHR Ringgit
MYR Peso
PHP Baht
THB Dong
VND
Exchange rates (per USD) 11/26/19 14,098.60 4,051.00 4.17 50.84 30.20 23,208.50
Exchange rates (per EUR) 11/26/19 15,544.30 4,466.43 4.60 56.05 33.30 25,588.53
* 2018 estimate
Economic Data from CIA World Factbook
#企业出海##外贸法律#
